Sugar Compositions for Treating Hemophilia A and/or Von Willebrand Disease

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to compositions comprising an isolated sugar for use in the treatment of von Willebrand disease and/or hemophilia A, wherein the sugar is an accessible sugar residue derived from ABO(H) blood group antigen.

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a large multimeric plasma glycoproteinwith two major roles in hemostasis. First, it mediates platelet plugformation at the site of vascular injury through interactions with thesubendothelial matrix, followed by platelet activation and aggregation.Second, it acts as carrier molecule for pro-coagulant factor VIII(FVIII). VWF expression is restricted to megakaryocytes and endothelialcells but plasma VWF is mainly derived from endothelium. One of itsparticular features is a polymer structure ranging in size from 500 kDto more than 20,000 kD, whereby the largest forms are hemostatically themost efficient. During synthesis, VWF undergoes extensivepost-translational modification including dimerization, proteolyticcleavage to remove a propeptide and multimerization (De Meyer, Deckmyn,and Vanhoorelbeke, Blood (2009) 113: 5049-57). Along the secretorypathway, to each 2050 amino acid mature monomer 12 N-linked and 10O-linked glycans are added, accounting for approximately 20% of itstotal molecular weight (Millar and Brown Blood Rev (2006) 20.2: 83-92).Interestingly, VWF N-glycans as well as O-glycans were shown to carrythe ABO(H) blood group antigens (Canis et al. J Thromb Haemost (2010)8.1: 137-45). Their importance is highlighted by the observation, thatindividuals of blood group O(H) have 20-30% lower VWF plasma levels thannon-O(H) blood groups (Jenkins and O'Donnell Transfusion (2006) 46.10:1836-44). Although several studies have been performed aimed atinvestigating the clearance of VWF, the detailed process is not fullyunderstood up to now. Approximately 95% of the plasma FVIII moleculesare non-covalently bound to VWF, and it is therefore suggested thatVWF-bound FVIII closely follows VWF in its clearance pathway (Lenting,VAN Schooten, and Denis J Thromb Haemost (2007) 5.7: 1353-60).

Deficiency of VWF is responsible for a hemorrhagic disorder called vonWillebrand Disease (VWD) whereas elevated plasma levels of VWF representan important thrombotic risk factor. A variety of plasma-derivedconcentrates of VWF (with or without FVIII) are available to treat VWD.Current treatment with VWF concentrates often requires repeated,frequent infusions. A reduction in clearance and thereby an extension ofthe half-life of VWF would reduce the required frequency of infusionsand therefore improve the quality of life of VWD patients. In addition,this may also positively impact hemophilia A treatment due to the strongcorrelation of the FVIII half-life with vWF half-life. (Fijnvandraat,Peters and Ten Cate, British Journal of Haematology (1995): 474-476).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventors have surprisingly found that accessible sugars, preferablythe terminal sugars, that are constituents of ABO(H) blood groupantigens, have a significant influence on the clearance of VWF.Therefore, one aspect of the invention is a composition comprising anisolated sugar for use in the treatment of VWD and/or hemophilia A,wherein the sugar is an accessible sugar residue derived from ABO(H)blood group antigen. Preferably, the composition leads to a reduction inclearance and increases the in vivo half-life of VWF, more preferably,this leads to a concomitant increase in the FVIII half-life.

The VWF may be endogenously produced, or may be exogenous. It may beplasma-derived or recombinantly produced.

The isolated sugar may be a single sugar or a combination of any two orall of galactose, fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine. The isolated sugarmay be part of an oligosaccharide or glycopeptide as an accessible sugarresidue, e.g. as a terminal sugar residue, or it may be amonosaccharide, but not the natural ABO(H) blood group antigen onerythrocytes. In addition, chemically modified sugars derived fromgalactose, fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine may exert the same effectand are therefore also included in the invention.

In case of a subject receiving exogenous VWF, the composition may beadministered to a subject in need thereof prior to administration ofVWF, or simultaneously with VWF, or even after the administration ofVWF. Preferably, the composition of the invention is administered priorto the administration of VWF.

A further aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical product comprisingthe composition described above and a composition comprising VWF as acombined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in thetreatment of VWD or hemophilia A.

Another aspect of the invention is a composition comprising VWF and oneor more of galactose, fucose or N-acetylgalactosamine or chemicallymodified forms thereof as a monosaccharide or accessible, e.g. terminal,residue of one or more oligosaccharides or glycopeptides, for use in thetreatment of VWD or hemophilia A.

Yet a further aspect of the invention is a composition comprising two ormore isolated sugars, wherein the sugar is selected from galactose,fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine or chemically modified forms thereof.The two or more isolated sugars may be present as monosaccharides or asaccessible, e.g. terminal sugars of a glycopeptide or oligosaccharidestructure but not the natural ABO(H) blood group antigen.

Another aspect of the invention is the composition described above formedical use, in particular for use in the treatment of VWD or hemophiliaA.

Preferably, the sugar comprised in any of the compositions detailedabove, increases the survival of VWF in the blood of a mammal byinhibiting the interaction of VWF with a clearance receptor.

Preferably, the clearance receptor is a C-type lectin-like receptor,more preferably it is selected from the subgroups of C-type lectinreceptors asialoglycoprotein and DC receptors and collectins, accordingto the definition given in Zalensky & Gready (2005) FEBS-Journal 272,6179-6217. More preferably, the C-type lectin-like receptor is selectedfrom ASGR, CLEC4M, CLEC10A, CLEC4F, Collectin-12.

In another preferred embodiment, the clearance receptor is a class Ascavenger receptor such as scavenger receptor A5 (SCARA5).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The inventors have surprisingly found that bovine asialofetuin as wellas asialo-alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein, which preferably bind to galactosereceptors (e.g. asialoglycoprotein receptor, ASGPR in the liver), blockthe clearance of VWF, suggesting that such receptors are potentialclearance receptors for VWF in vivo. As mentioned above, the inventorshave also surprisingly found that the accessible, e.g. the terminal,sugar residues of the ABO(H) blood group antigens by themselves have asignificant influence on the clearance of VWF. Therefore, one aspect ofthe invention is a composition comprising an isolated, unmodified orchemically modified sugar for use in the treatment of hemophilia Aand/or VWD, wherein the sugar is, in its natural context, an accessiblesugar residue derived from ABO(H) blood group antigen, but is used in anisolated form, i.e. not as part of an ABO(H) blood group antigen.

Preferably, the composition reduces the in vivo clearance of VWF leadingto a concomitant increase in the FVIII concentration. Preferably, the invivo clearance of

VWF is reduced at least 1.5 fold, more preferably at least 2 fold, 2.5fold or 3 fold, even more preferably, the clearance is reduced at least3.5 fold, 4 fold or 4.5 fold, most preferably the clearance is reducedat least 5 or even 6 fold.

The VWF may be endogenously produced, or may be of exogenous origin. Itmay be plasma-derived or recombinantly produced. If recombinantlyproduced, it may be a fusion protein of VWF with a half-life extendingmoiety, e.g. an albumin fusion or an Fc-fusion. Alternatively, oradditionally, the VWF itself may be modified to increase its half-life,e.g. by modifying the glycostructure or by conjugation (e.g. PEGylation,polysialic acids).

The isolated sugar may be one or more of unmodified galactose,preferably D-galactose, more preferably β-D-galactose, fucose,preferably L-fucose, more preferably α-L-fucose, andN-acetylgalactosamine, preferably α-N-acetylgalactosamine and/orchemically modified forms of galactose, fucose and N-acetylgalactosaminethat can bind to the clearance receptors, e.g. the ASGPR, with higheraffinity. The isolated, possibly chemically modified sugar may becomprised, as an accessible, e.g. terminal, sugar residue, in anoligosaccharide or glycopeptide, but not the natural ABO(H) blood groupantigen on erythrocytes, or it may be a monosaccharide. If comprised inan oligosaccharide or glycopeptide, preferably it will be attached tothe molecule by the same type of linkage as present in the blood groupantigen.

In case of a subject receiving exogenous VWF, the composition may beadministered to a subject in need thereof prior to administration ofVWF, or simultaneously with VWF, or even after the administration ofVWF. Preferably, the composition of the invention is administered priorto the administration of VWF, for example, about 5 minutes prior to theadministration of VWF.

A further aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical product comprisingthe composition described above and a composition comprising VWF as acombined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in thetreatment of VWD or hemophilia A. The sugar composition may comprise anyone or more of unmodified galactose, fucose or N-acetylgalactosamine orchemically modified forms thereof as a monosaccharide or as anaccessible, preferably a terminal residue of one or moreoligosaccharides or glycopeptides, but not the natural blood groupantigen on erythrocytes. Preferably, the sugar composition comprises amixture of any two, more preferably a mixture of all three of saidsugars or chemically modified forms. The VWF may be plasma-derived orrecombinant. It may comprise half-life extending moieties. For example,plasma-derived or recombinant VWF may be conjugated with, for example,polyethylene glycol or other physiologically acceptable polymers,conjugated or linked as a fusion protein with albumin, or with anFc-fragment of IgG. Recombinant VWF may be expressed as a fusion proteinwith a half-life extending moiety, e.g. as an albumin fusion or an Fcfusion. Recombinant VWF may also be a modified VWF, e.g. comprisingamino acid substitutions, deletions or insertions that are introduced inorder to modify its properties or to increase its half-life in vivo.

Another aspect of the invention is a composition comprising VWF and oneor more of unmodified galactose, fucose or N-acetylgalactosamine orchemically modified forms thereof as a monosaccharide or accessible,e.g. terminal, residue of one or more oligosaccharides or glycopeptides,for use in the treatment of VWD or hemophilia A. The same options asdetailed above for the previous aspect of the invention apply here.

Yet a further aspect of the invention is a composition comprising two ormore isolated sugars, wherein the sugar is selected from unmodifiedgalactose, fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine or chemically modified formsthereof. The two or more isolated sugars may be present asmonosaccharides or as accessible, e.g. terminal, sugars of aglycopeptide or oligosaccharide structure but not the natural ABO(H)blood group antigen.

Another aspect of the invention is the composition described above formedical use, in particular for use in the treatment of VWD or hemophiliaA.

Preferably, the sugar comprised in any of the compositions detailedabove, increases the survival of VWF in the blood of a mammal byinhibiting the interaction of VWF with a clearance receptor. As alreadymentioned, the term “sugar” is intended to be interpreted broadly. Itmay be an unmodified monosaccharide or chemically modified form thereof,or it may be comprised in an oligosaccharide as an accessible, e.g.terminal, sugar; the oligosaccharide may be linear or branched. It mayalso be a specific carbohydrate structure exposed on a glycopeptide. Ifit is part of an oligosaccharide or glycopeptide, it is preferablyattached through the same type of linkage as in the blood group antigen.

Preferably, the clearance receptor is a C-type lectin-like receptor,which is a class of animal (and human) lectins that bind to acarbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. More preferably, theclearance receptor is selected from the following subgroups of C-typelectin receptors: asialoglycoprotein and DC receptors and collectins.More preferably, the C-type lectin-like receptor is selected from ASGPR,CLEC4M, CLEC10A, CLEC4F, Collectin-12.

In another preferred embodiment, the clearance receptor is a class Ascavenger receptor such as scavenger receptor A5 (SCARA5).

C-type lectin-like receptors are reviewed in Zalensky & Gready (2005)FEBS-Journal 272, 6179-6217, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. Asialoglycoprotein and DC receptors are a subgroup of C-typelectin-like receptors. They are type II transmembrane proteinscontaining a short cytoplasmic tail, a transmembrane domain, anextracellular stalk region and a Ca²⁺/carbohydrate binding C-type lectindomain. The length of the stalk region, which is involved inoligomerization, varies greatly among different members of thissubgroup. Members of this subgroup are, for example, asialoglycoproteinreceptor, macrophage galactose-binding lectin (MGL), dendriticcell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin(DC-SIGN), and others. Asialoglycoprotein receptor is a heterotrimer,expressed on liver parenchyma, encoded by two genes (ASGR1 and ASGR2).It binds and internalizes galactose- terminated oligosaccharides ofdesialylated glycoproteins. After ligand dissociation in acidiclysosomes, it is recycled to the cell surface.

Collectins are a different subgroup of C-type lectin-like receptors.They contain a collagen domain and function as part of the first in lineinnate immune defense.

CLEC4M, CLEC10A, and CLEC4F are also C-type lectin domain familymembers.

SCARA-5 belongs to a group of scavenger molecules that have as theirprimary function the initiation of immune responses. It is expressed onepithelial cells.

The dose of the isolated sugar can be in the range of 30 mg to 10 g perkg, preferably 50 mg to 8 g per kg, more preferably 100 mg to 6 g per kgof the monosaccharide or molar equivalents thereof if the sugar iscomprised in an oligosaccharide or glycopeptide, preferably 200 mg to 4g per kg, more preferably 250 mg to 3 g per kg. The skilled person willbe able to determine the optimal dose as a matter of routine.

The term “isolated sugar” is meant to refer to the respective sugar whennot part of the natural ABO(H) blood group antigen. It may be anunmodified monosaccharide or chemically modified form thereof, or as anaccessible, e.g. terminal, sugar comprised in an oligosaccharide, whichmay be linear or branched. It may also be a specific carbohydratestructure exposed on glycopeptides. If it is part of an oligosaccharideor glycopeptide, it is preferably attached through the same type oflinkage as in the blood group antigen.

The term “oligosaccharide” refers to a chain of sugar residues with 2 ormore residues, preferably 3 or more residues.

The term “glycopeptides” refers to a peptide or protein with one or moreglycan structures attached, e.g. O-linked or N-linked. The glycanstructure may be linear or branched, and it may comprise one or moresugar residues.

The term “half-life” refers to the time it takes to eliminate half ofthe protein from the circulation in vivo. The area under the curve (AUC)was predominantly determined to assess clearance effects. A reduction inclearance leads to higher AUC values, and to an increase in half-life.

The term “ABO(H) blood group antigen” refers to carbohydrate antigenspresent on erythrocytes that are commonly recognized by anti-A or anti-Bantibodies. The ABO(H) blood group system is the most important bloodtype system in human blood transfusion. The H-antigen is an essentialprecursor to the ABO(H) blood group antigens, and is a carbohydratestructure linked mainly to protein, with a minor fraction attached toceramide. It consists of a chain of p-D-galactose,β-D-N-acetylglucosamine, β-D-galactose, and 2-linked α-L-fucose. TheA-antigen contains an α-N-acetylgalactosamine bonded to the D-galactoseresidue at the end of the H-antigen, whereas the B-antigen has anα-D-galactose residue bonded to the D-galactose of the H-antigen.Therefore, the terminal sugar residues of the ABO(H) blood group systemare galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and fucose.

The term “von Willebrand factor” (VWF) refers to a blood glycoproteininvolved in hemostasis. It promotes adhesion of platelets to the sitesof vascular injury by forming a molecular bridge between thesub-endothelial collagen matrix and platelets. It is also a carrier forcoagulation FVIII, protecting it from degradation and clearance. Theterm may relate to the natural VWF, but also includes variants thereof,e.g. fusion proteins or conjugates, or sequence variants where one ormore residues have been inserted, deleted or substituted, maintaining atleast one biological function.

The term “hemophilia A” refers to a deficiency in coagulation FVIII,which is usually inherited.

The term “von Willebrand disease” (VWD) refers to a coagulationabnormality associated with a qualitative or quantitative deficiency ofVWF.

The term “accessible sugar residue” refers to a sugar residue that isexposed on the surface of a glycoprotein or oligosaccharide, inparticular the term refers to a sugar residue that is capable of bindingto endothelial or other structures to which vWF binds and which therebycompetitively blocks the binding of vWF to these receptors.

The term “clearance receptor” in the context of the present inventionrefers to any molecule that binds VWF and leads to the elimination ofthe bound molecule from the blood stream. Typically the clearance willbe by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and the bound molecule will bedegraded in the lysosomal compartment.

EXAMPLES

The invention is exemplified by the following, non-limiting examples,with reference to the following figures:

FIG. 1 shows the reduction in clearance (increase in AUC) of VWF by amix of 3sugars in rats.

FIG. 2 shows the effect of each individual sugar on the clearance of VWFin rats.

FIG. 3 shows the effect of a mix of 3 sugars on the clearance of VWF inVWF-deficient mice.

FIG. 4 shows the reduction in clearance of pdVWF in VWF-deficient miceby different doses of asialofetuin.

FIG. 5 shows the reduction in clearance of rFVIII in VWF-deficient miceby different doses of asialofetuin.

FIG. 6 shows the reduction in clearance of VWF in VWF-deficient mice byasialoAGP.

FIG. 7 shows the prolonging effect of ASF on the clearance of VWF inrats in comparison to the control group with fetuin.

FIG. 8 shows that clearance of VWF was inhibited by administeringmultiple doses of ASF.

FIG. 9 shows increased binding signals of ASF to immobilized clearancereceptor proteins in comparison to fetuin used as control protein.

FIG. 10 shows relative SPR binding signals of different concentrationsof VWF monomers in comparison to ASF and fetuin by applying differentclearance receptor proteins covalently immobilized on a chip.

FIG. 11 shows decreased binding of ASF to immobilized rhASGPR in thepresence of galactose, fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine.

FIG. 12 shows the binding of plasma derived VWF multimers to rhASGPR byapplying a solid-phase binding assay.

EXAMPLE 1 Influence of Monosaccharides on the Clearance of HumanPlasma-Derived VWF in Rats and Mice

Blood group sugars A, B and O(H) consist of three differentmonosaccharide units (for H only two); namely galactose (Gal), fucose(Fuc) and N-acteylgalactosamine (GaINAc). To evaluate the effect ofthese sugars on the clearance of pd-VWF, rats were injected i.v. with abolus of a “sugar-mix”, consisting of Gal, Fuc and GaINAc, obtained fromSigma Aldrich, St Louis, USA, (each 2 g/kg) 15 minutes before infusionof Haemate® P (200 IU/kg) type O(H). Alternatively, each sugar was usedindividually at 2 g/kg. To avoid masking of the blood group antigenspresent on VWF by blood group-specific antibodies, material isolatedfrom blood group type O(H) individuals was used. In addition, bovineasialofetuin (250 mg/kg), a described ligand for blocking the galactosereceptors such as the ASGPR in the liver has been additionally used.Furthermore, glucose (2 g/kg) was included in the study as a negativecontrol. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for human VWF antigenby ELISA.

As shown in FIG. 1, the solution containing Gal, Fuc and GaINAc markedlyincreased AUC and thereby delayed the clearance of VWF. The effect ofeach individual sugar is shown in FIG. 2. Interestingly, Gal alone hadonly a modest effect on VWF clearance, whereas Fuc and GalNac had a morepronounced effect on inhibiting the clearance of VWF.

EXAMPLE 2 Effect of Fuc, Gal and GalNac on the Clearance of PlasmaDerived VWF in VWF-deficient Mice

The effect of the sugars on the clearance of human plasma-derived (pd)VWF was also evaluated in VWF-deficient mice. The animals received abolus of a “sugar-mix” i.v., consisting of Gal, Fuc and GaINAc (each 2g/kg) 15 minutes before infusion of Haemate® P (200 IU/kg) type O(H). Asshown in FIG. 3, a comparable effect as shown before in rats of thesugar-mix on clearance of pd-VWF was observed in VWF-deficient mice.

EXAMPLE 3 Effect of Sugar Dose

Specific sugar doses related to each of the approaches described aboveare evaluated in animal research models such as rats and/orVWF-deficient mice aiming to find the appropriate concentration for invivo application. Different sugar concentrations are administeredintravenously. For example, a range of sugar concentrations from 30mg/kg to about 6 g/kg can be used, and the sugars are used individuallyand in combinations of two or all three sugars. Oral administration ofthe different sugar concentrations is also part of the investigation.Concomitantly to the sugar administration described, plasma derived orrecombinant VWF or preparations containing both VWF and FVIII areco-administered; alternatively, the administration of VWF or VWF andFVIII is delayed by about 5 minutes following administration of thesugar(s). After administration, VWF antigen levels are continuouslymonitored by applying a standardized ELISA system. In case of FVIIIadministration, FVIII antigen levels are measured in addition. Differentsugar doses reveal a significant increase in AUC, resulting in areduction of the VWF (and FVIII) clearance. The respective approachesare further investigated within in-vivo toxicology studies with regardto compatibility.

EXAMPLE 4 Effect of Oligosaccharides

As described in examples 1 to 3, equivalent experimental approaches areapplied for evaluating the clearance reduction of both VWF and FVIII dueto the administration of oligosaccharides. For example, trisaccharidescorresponding to the blood group antigens are used, alone and incombination. For the initial evaluation, a dose of about 2 g per kg maybe chosen; a dose finding study as described in example 3 formonosaccharides is also carried out.

The clearance of VWF (and FVIII) is markedly reduced in the presence ofspecific oligosaccharides.

EXAMPLE 5 Effect of Glycopeptides

The effect of asialo-glycopeptides on both the clearance of human pd VWFas well as recombinant FVIII was evaluated in VWF-deficient mice. Theanimals received a bolus of either asialo-alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein(asialo-AGP) or asialo-fetuin 5 minutes before infusion of highlypurified pd VWF (plasmatic FVIII was removed) previously mixed withrecombinant FVIII. VWF and recombinant FVIII were administered in aconcentration of 200 IU/kg. The pd VWF is biochemically comparable(glycosylation, multimer distribution, etc.) to Haemate® P.

As shown in FIG. 4, a reduced clearance was observed for pd VWF in thepresence of an asialofetuin concentration of equal or more than 100mg/kg (dashed lines). In addition, the reduction in clearance of VWFaffects also the clearance process of

FVIII as demonstrated in FIG. 5. A reduction in VWF clearance caused byasialofetuin also leads to a reduction in FVIII clearance. The sameeffect was observed by applying asialo-AGP (bolus of 250 mg/kg). Anoverview of the respective test results is given in FIG. 6. Moreover,fetuin and alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP) were used as controlsubstances. These materials bear terminal sialic acid instead ofterminal galactose residues characteristic for the asialo-preparations.As expected, the control substances did not show a significant effectregarding reduction in clearance.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 7, it was clearly shown that the clearanceof VWF is reduced in the presence of bovine ASF (fetuin after theremoval of terminal sialic acid residues) whereas the effect of bovinefetuin on the clearance of VWF is less significant.

Furthermore, the prolonging effect of ASF on VWF clearance wasmaintained by administering ASF frequently (intravenous administrationof ASF in rats at 5 min, 120 min, 240 min and 360 min after theintravenous administration of 100 IU VWF per kg body weight), as shownin FIG. 8. These data are compared with the clearance of VWF in thepresence of ASF that was administered as single dose as well as a multidose administration of isotonic NaCl solution used as control group.

EXAMPLE 6 Interaction with Potential Clearance Receptor Candidates

Due to the fact that asialo-glycoproteins as well as monosaccharideshave interestingly led to a prolonged half-life of VWF (and FVIII) invivo, respective cellular receptors were investigated with regard tointeracting with VWF. These studies were performed in vitro andpotential clearance receptor candidates were identified that might playa crucial role in VWF clearance due to interacting with both ASF andVWF.

Method

SPR technology (Biacore T200, GE Healthcare Biosciences, Uppsala,Sweden) was applied to evaluate mechanisms of realtime biomolecularinteractions between VWF, receptor-blocking agents and clearancereceptor candidates. The interaction experiments were performed at aflow cell temperature of +25° C. by applying running buffer containing10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl2 and 0.05% Tween-20 at pH 7.4, whichwas also used as sample dilution buffer. Reagents and buffer stocksolutions were purchased from GE Healthcare Biosciences (Uppsala,Sweden). The extracellular domains of receptor proteins were acquiredfrom R&D Systems (Wiesbaden, Germany). The ligands were captured onSeries S Sensor Chips C1 pretreated according to the manufacturer'sinstructions. The receptor proteins were covalently immobilized throughfree amine groups to the carboxymethylated dextran matrix by applyingthe amine coupling kit according to the manufacturer protocol. A blankflow cell without immobilized protein was included as a referencesurface on the chip for bulk shift and nonspecific binding changes.

Increasing concentrations of both ASF and fetuin ranging from 10,240 to10 nM were prepared as a 2 fold serial dilution series in running bufferand sequentially injected across the chip surface at 25 pL/min in orderto characterize protein-ligand interaction. For the experimentsperformed with purified VWF monomers (pd VWF after reduction withdithiothreitol and carboxymethylation with iodoacetamide), theconcentrations ranged between 4,000 and 31.25 nM. The samples weredesigned to contain similar buffer compositions due to the highsensitivity of the SPR system to changes in buffer composition. Therelatively high flow rate was chosen to avoid potential rebinding due tomass transfer limitations. Interaction analysis cycles consisted of a 5min sample injection phase. This association phase was followed by adissociation phase of 17 min in running buffer. Both the chip surfaceand the control surface were regenerated with a 10 second pulse of 10 mMNaOH between each run in order to remove bound analyte from thesurface-immobilized receptor proteins.

Kinetic data were analyzed using Biacore T200 Evaluation SoftwareVersion 1.0 (GE Healthcare Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden). An interactionof the analyte with the ligand was detected by an increase inaccumulating mass and specific binding was identified by subtracting thebinding response recorded from the control surface, followed bysubtracting an average of the buffer blank injections. A report pointwas positioned 20 seconds after the end of sample injection and wasevaluated as representative for a stable protein-ligand interaction,which was of interest. Thus, this point was used for the assessment andcalculation of the biomolecular interactions between the analytes andpotential clearance receptor candidates. Furthermore, the response wascalculated relative to the baseline in each case.

An overview of the binding results and the involved clearance receptorcandidates interacting with VWF and ASF (and almost not with fetuin) areshown in FIGS. 9 and 10. In conclusion, VWF and ASF bind efficiently torhASGPR, rhCLEC4M, rmCLEC4F, rhCLEC10A, rhCOLEC12 and rhSCARA5. Thus,these receptor candidates are suggested to play a crucial role in VWFclearance.

EXAMPLE 7 Inhibition of ASF Interacting with rhASGPR by Using DifferentMonosaccharides

RhASGPR was chosen for further experiments. A similar SPR approach wasused in order to investigate the inhibition of ASF binding in thepresence of monosaccharides. Interestingly, galactose, fucose andN-acetylgalactosamine inhibited binding, a phenomenon that is inagreement with the observations from animal studies performed previously(see FIG. 11). In addition, binding of ASF was inhibited in the absenceof Ca2+.

EXAMPLE 8

According to example 7, the interaction of pd VWF monomers withclearance receptors mentioned earlier is inhibited in the in thepresence of monosaccharides such as galactose, fucose andN-acetylgalactosamine.

EXAMPLE 9 Solid-Phase Binding Assay for Investigating Receptor-LigandInteraction

In addition to SPR-based interaction analysis with monomeric VWF, theinteraction of multimeric VWF (purified from human plasma) with rhASGPRwas investigated by using solid-phase binding assay. In addition,asialo-VWF (plasma derived VWF after treatment withα(2-3,6,8)-neuraminidase) was used as control.

Lyophilized rhASGPR (R&D Systems, Wiesbaden, Germany) was reconstitutedand diluted in 0.05 M carbonate-bicarbonate buffer at pH 9.6, adsorbedonto high-adsorption 96-microwell plates at RT overnight, andsubsequently washed with washing buffer (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mMCaCl2 and 0.1% (w/v) Tween-20 at pH 7.4). Afterwards, the wells wereincubated for 1 hour with blocking solution (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5mM CaCl2 and 2.5% (w/v) BSA at pH 7.4) in order to block non-specificbinding, and then washed with washing buffer again. Samples were dilutedwith dilution buffer (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl2, 0.1% (w/v)Tween-20 and 1% (w/v) BSA at pH 7.4) to VWF concentrations ranging from100 to 3 pg/mL. VWF interacted with the immobilized receptor proteinwhile incubating the samples for 1 hour at +37° C. After washing thewells, associated VWF was subsequently detected by a commercialpolyclonal rabbit anti-human VWF antibody conjugated with HRP(DakoCytomation, Glostrup, Denmark) that had been previously diluted1:16,000 in dilution buffer. The wells were incubated with theHRP-conjugated antibody solution for 1.5 hours at RT and washed beforethe substrate solution, a chromogenic TMB substrate diluted 1:11 in TMBsubstrate buffer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany), wasadded and incubated for 30 minutes at RT in the dark. All washing stepswere performed for three times. The reaction was stopped with stoppingsolution POD (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) and thesubstrate reaction was photometrically monitored by measuring thedifference in wave lengths at 450 nm and 620 nm.

The results are given in FIG. 12. Not only asialo-VWF multimersinteracted with rhASGPR but also plasma derived VWF multimers presentinga native glycosylation structure without modifications.

EXAMPLE 10

According to Example 9, pd VWF multimers interact with clearancereceptor candidates mentioned earlier. In addition, binding is inhibitedin the presence of ASF or monosaccharides such as galactose, fucose andN-acetylgalactosamine.

1.-20. (canceled)
 21. A method of increasing the half-life of vonWillebrand factor in the blood of a subject with hemophilia A and/or vonWillebrand disease, comprising administering to the subject acomposition comprising an isolated sugar that inhibits the interactionof von Willebrand factor with its clearance receptor, wherein the sugaris a glycopeptide comprising an accessible sugar residue derived fromABO(H) blood group antigen, and wherein the accessible sugar residue isattached to the glycopeptide by the same type of linkage as present inthe blood group antigen.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the in vivoclearance of von Willebrand factor is reduced.
 23. The method of claim22, wherein the reduction of in vivo clearance of von Willebrand factorleads to a concomitant increase in the area under the curve representingfactor VIII concentration.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the vonWillebrand factor is endogenously produced.
 25. The method of claim 21,wherein the method further comprises administering exogenous vonWillebrand factor.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the exogenous vonWillebrand factor is plasma-derived.
 27. The method of claim 25, whereinthe exogenous von Willebrand factor is recombinant.
 28. The method ofclaim 25, wherein the composition is administered to a subject prior toadministration of exogenous von Willebrand factor.
 29. The method ofclaim 21, wherein the sugar is an asialo-glycopeptide, or chemicallymodified derivative thereof.
 30. The method of claim 21, wherein theclearance receptor is a C-type lectin-like receptor.
 31. The method ofclaim 30, wherein the C-type lectin-like receptor is selected from thesubgroups asialoglycoprotein, DC receptors, and collectins.
 32. Themethod of claim 30, wherein the C-type lectin-like receptor is selectedfrom ASGPR, CLEC4M, CLEC10A, CLEC4F, and Collectin-12.
 33. The method ofclaim 21, wherein the clearance receptor is a class A scavenger receptorcomprising scavenger receptor A5 (SCARA5).
 34. A method of increasingthe half-life of von Willebrand factor in the blood of a subject withhemophilia A and/or von Willebrand disease, comprising administering tothe subject a composition comprising von Willebrand factor and anisolated sugar that inhibits the interaction of von Willebrand factorwith its clearance receptor, wherein the sugar is a glycopeptidecomprising an accessible sugar residue derived from ABO(H) blood groupantigen, and wherein the accessible sugar residue is attached to theglycopeptide by the same type of linkage as present in the blood groupantigen.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the in vivo clearance ofvon Willebrand factor is reduced.
 36. The method of claim 35, whereinthe reduction of in vivo clearance of von Willebrand factor leads to aconcomitant increase in the area under the curve representing factorVIII concentration.
 37. The method of claim 34, wherein the administeredvon Willebrand factor is recombinant.
 38. The method of claim 34,wherein the sugar is an asialo-glycopeptide, or chemically modifiedderivative thereof.
 39. The method of claim 34, wherein the clearancereceptor is a C-type lectin-like receptor.
 40. The method of claim 34,wherein the clearance receptor is a class A scavenger receptorcomprising scavenger receptor A5 (SCARA5).